Develop configuration with the console

13min
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Terraform

The Terraform console is an interpreter that you can use to evaluate Terraform expressions and explore your Terraform project's state. The console helps you develop and debug your configuration, especially when working with complex state data and Terraform expressions.

The Terraform console command does not modify your state, configuration files, or resources. It provides a safe way to interactively inspect your existing project's state and evaluate Terraform expressions before incorporating them into your configuration.

In this tutorial, you will deploy an S3 bucket to AWS. Then, you will use the console to inspect your bucket's state. Finally, you will add an IAM policy to your bucket, using the console to help develop the configuration.

Prerequisites

You can complete this tutorial using the same workflow with either Terraform Community Edition or HCP Terraform. HCP Terraform is a platform that you can use to manage and execute your Terraform projects. It includes features like remote state and execution, structured plan output, workspace resource summaries, and more.

Select the HCP Terraform tab to complete this tutorial using HCP Terraform.

This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the Terraform workflow. If you are new to Terraform, complete the Get Started tutorials first.

In order to complete this tutorial, you will need the following:

Terraform v1.1+ installed locally.
An AWS account with local credentials configured for use with Terraform.
The AWS CLI (2.0+) installed, and configured for your AWS account.

This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the Terraform and HCP Terraform workflows. If you are new to Terraform, complete the Get Started tutorials first. If you are new to HCP Terraform, complete the HCP Terraform Get Started tutorials first.

In order to complete this tutorial, you will need the following:

Terraform v1.1+ installed locally.
An AWS account.
An HCP Terraform account with HCP Terraform locally authenticated.
An HCP Terraform variable set configured with your AWS credentials.
The AWS CLI (2.0+) installed, and configured for your AWS account.

Note

Some of the infrastructure in this tutorial may not qualify for the AWS free tier. Destroy the infrastructure at the end of the guide to avoid unnecessary charges. We are not responsible for any charges that you incur.

Clone example configuration

Clone the example repository for this tutorial, which contains configuration for you to use to learn how to work with the Terraform console.

$ git clone https://github.com/hashicorp/learn-terraform-console.git

Change to the repository directory.

$ cd learn-terraform-console

Review configuration

Review the configuration in main.tf. After configuring the AWS provider, it defines the S3 bucket you will use for this tutorial.

main.tf

resource "aws_s3_bucket" "data" {
  bucket_prefix = var.bucket_prefix

  force_destroy = true
}

resource "aws_s3_bucket_public_access_block" "data" {
  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.data.id

  block_public_acls       = false
  block_public_policy     = false
  ignore_public_acls      = false
  restrict_public_buckets = false
}

resource "aws_s3_bucket_acl" "data" {
  depends_on = [aws_s3_bucket_ownership_controls.data, aws_s3_bucket_public_access_block.data]

  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.data.id
  acl    = "public-read"
}

The configuration defines the bucket prefix with the bucket_prefix variable. When you provision this configuration, Terraform will create a unique bucket name starting with the prefix. The force_destroy argument instructs Terraform to delete the bucket contents when you destroy it. The aws_s3_bucket_public_access_block.data resource allows you to configure the bucket to be publicly accessible. Finally, the configuration sets a public-read ACL, using the depends_on meta-argument to ensure the ACL is configured after the access block.

Create S3 bucket

Initialize this configuration.

$ terraform init

Initializing the backend...

Initializing provider plugins...
- Reusing previous version of hashicorp/aws from the dependency lock file
- Using previously-installed hashicorp/aws v5.14.0

Terraform has been successfully initialized!

You may now begin working with Terraform. Try running "terraform plan" to see
any changes that are required for your infrastructure. All Terraform commands
should now work.

If you ever set or change modules or backend configuration for Terraform,
rerun this command to reinitialize your working directory. If you forget, other
commands will detect it and remind you to do so if necessary.

Open your terraform.tf file and uncomment the cloud block. Replace the organization name with your own HCP Terraform organization.

terraform.tf

terraform {
  required_providers {
    aws = {
      source  = "hashicorp/aws"
      version = "~> 5.14.0"
    }
  }

  cloud {
    organization = "hashicorp-learn"

    workspaces {
      name = "learn-terraform-console"
    }
  }

  required_version = "~> 1.1"
}

Initialize your configuration. Terraform will automatically create the learn-terraform-console workspace in your HCP Terraform organization.

$ terraform init
Initializing HCP Terraform...

Initializing provider plugins...
- Reusing previous version of hashicorp/aws from the dependency lock file
- Installing hashicorp/aws v4.10.0...
- Installed hashicorp/aws v4.10.0 (signed by HashiCorp)

HCP Terraform has been successfully initialized!

You may now begin working with HCP Terraform. Try running "terraform plan" to
see any changes that are required for your infrastructure.

If you ever set or change modules or Terraform Settings, run "terraform init"
again to reinitialize your working directory.

Note

This tutorial assumes that you are using a tutorial-specific HCP Terraform organization with a global variable set of your AWS credentials. Review the Create a Credential Variable Set for detailed guidance. If you are using a scoped variable set, assign it to your new workspace now.

Apply the configuration to create your S3 bucket. Respond to the confirmation prompt with a yes.

$ terraform apply
Terraform used the selected providers to generate the following execution plan. Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
  + create
 <= read (data resources)

Terraform will perform the following actions:

  # data.aws_s3_objects.data will be read during apply
  # (config refers to values not yet known)
 <= data "aws_s3_objects" "data" {

## ...

Plan: 4 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

Changes to Outputs:
  + s3_bucket_name = (known after apply)

Do you want to perform these actions?
  Terraform will perform the actions described above.
  Only 'yes' will be accepted to approve.

  Enter a value: yes

aws_s3_bucket.data: Creating...
aws_s3_bucket.data: Creation complete after 2s [id=hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001]
data.aws_s3_objects.data: Reading...
aws_s3_bucket_ownership_controls.data: Creating...
aws_s3_bucket_public_access_block.data: Creating...
data.aws_s3_objects.data: Read complete after 0s [id=hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001]
aws_s3_bucket_ownership_controls.data: Creation complete after 1s [id=hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001]
aws_s3_bucket_public_access_block.data: Creation complete after 1s [id=hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001]
aws_s3_bucket_acl.data: Creating...
aws_s3_bucket_acl.data: Creation complete after 1s [id=hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001,public-read]

Apply complete! Resources: 4 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.

Outputs:

s3_bucket_name = "hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001"

Explore Terraform state

Terraform's console loads your project's state and allows you to interactively evaluate Terraform expressions before using them in your configuration. Launch the console now.

$ terraform console
>

Note

The Terraform console uses a > prompt, which is not displayed in the code blocks below.

Get the state of the aws_s3_bucket.data resource by pasting its resource ID into the console prompt.

aws_s3_bucket.data

The console will print out the state of the aws_s3_bucket.data resource.

{
  "acceleration_status" = ""
  "acl" = tostring(null)
  "arn" = "arn:aws:s3:::hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001"
  "bucket" = "hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001"
  "bucket_domain_name" = "hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001.s3.amazonaws.com"
  "bucket_prefix" = "hashilearn-"
  "bucket_regional_domain_name" = "hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com"
  "cors_rule" = tolist([])
  "force_destroy" = true
  "grant" = toset([
    {
      "id" = "a85d7dd1a99eeb62382bd66710588b2d6cc3e57cfe0c6d5fb7b1261b29fe0e48"
      "permissions" = toset([
        "FULL_CONTROL",
      ])
      "type" = "CanonicalUser"
      "uri" = ""
    },
  ])
  "hosted_zone_id" = "Z3BJ6K6RIION7M"
  "id" = "hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001"
  "lifecycle_rule" = tolist([])
  "logging" = tolist([])
  "object_lock_configuration" = tolist([])
  "object_lock_enabled" = false
  "policy" = ""
  "region" = "us-west-2"
  "replication_configuration" = tolist([])
  "request_payer" = "BucketOwner"
  "server_side_encryption_configuration" = tolist([
    {
      "rule" = tolist([
        {
          "apply_server_side_encryption_by_default" = tolist([
            {
              "kms_master_key_id" = ""
              "sse_algorithm" = "AES256"
            },
          ])
          "bucket_key_enabled" = false
        },
      ])
    },
  ])
  "tags" = tomap(null) /* of string */
  "tags_all" = tomap({
    "hashicorp-learn" = "console"
  })
  "timeouts" = null /* object */
  "versioning" = tolist([
    {
      "enabled" = false
      "mfa_delete" = false
    },
  ])
  "website" = tolist([])
  "website_domain" = tostring(null)
  "website_endpoint" = tostring(null)
}

Add structured output

In this section, you will create an output value to describe your bucket, and convert it to JSON. Output values enable you to provide data about your Terraform projects to other parts of your infrastructure automation toolchain. To facilitate this, Terraform can print output values in JSON, which is machine-readable.

Systems you integrate with may expect a specific JSON data structure. Use the console to verify that the JSON created matches the required format before you add the output value to your configuration.

First, use the console to create a map that includes your S3 bucket's ARN, ID, and region, and then encode it as JSON with the jsonencode() function.

jsonencode({ arn = aws_s3_bucket.data.arn, id = aws_s3_bucket.data.id, region = aws_s3_bucket.data.region })

The Terraform console will print out the values of the map you created as a JSON string. Since the console returned the JSON as a string value, it escaped the " characters with the \ prefix.

"{\"arn\":\"arn:aws:s3:::hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001\",\"id\":\"hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001\",\"region\":\"us-west-2\"}"

This JSON matches the intended structure, so add the following to outputs.tf to define an output value using this map.

outputs.tf

output "bucket_details" {
  description = "S3 bucket details."
  value = {
    arn    = aws_s3_bucket.data.arn,
    region = aws_s3_bucket.data.region,
    id     = aws_s3_bucket.data.id
  }
}

The Terraform console locks your project's state file, so you cannot plan or apply changes while the console is running. Exit the console with <Ctrl-D> or exit.

exit

Apply the change and respond to the confirmation prompt with a yes. Terraform will now display your new output value.

$ terraform apply
## ...
Changes to Outputs:
  + bucket_details = {
      + arn    = "arn:aws:s3:::hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001"
      + id     = "hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001"
      + region = "us-west-2"
    }

You can apply this plan to save these new output values to the Terraform state, without changing any real infrastructure.

Do you want to perform these actions?
  Terraform will perform the actions described above.
  Only 'yes' will be accepted to approve.

  Enter a value: yes


Apply complete! Resources: 0 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.

Outputs:

bucket_details = {
  "arn" = "arn:aws:s3:::hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001"
  "id" = "hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001"
  "region" = "us-west-2"
}
s3_bucket_name = "hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001"

Output the bucket details as JSON.

$ terraform output -json bucket_details
{"arn":"arn:aws:s3:::hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001","id":"hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001","region":"us-west-2"}

When you include the -json flag in your Terraform output commands, Terraform converts maps and lists to the equivalent JSON data structures.

Set bucket policy

Bucket policies allow you to control access to your S3 buckets and their contents.

In this section, you will apply a policy to your bucket that allows public read access to the objects in the bucket.

Add bucket policy

Add a policy to your bucket. The file bucket_policy.json in the example repository contains a policy based on an example from AWS.

bucket_policy.json

{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
      {
          "Sid": "PublicRead",
          "Effect": "Allow",
          "Principal": "*",
          "Action": [
              "s3:GetObject",
              "s3:GetObjectVersion"
          ],
          "Resource": [
              "<BUCKET_ARN>/*"
          ]
      }
  ]
}

AWS policies are defined as JSON documents. As a result, the aws_bucket_policy resource expects policies as a JSON string. Using HCL to dynamically generate the policy JSON string enables you to leverage HCL's benefits, such as syntax checking and string interpolation.

Use the Terraform console to convert the policy document to HCL before you incorporate it into your configuration. Use echo to pass the command to the console.

$ echo 'jsondecode(file("bucket_policy.json"))' | terraform console
{
  "Statement" = [
    {
      "Action" = [
        "s3:GetObject",
        "s3:GetObjectVersion",
      ]
      "Effect" = "Allow"
      "Principal" = "*"
      "Resource" = [
        "<BUCKET_ARN>/*",
      ]
      "Sid" = "PublicRead"
    },
  ]
  "Version" = "2012-10-17"
}

The file() function loads the file's content into a string, and jsondecode() converts the string from JSON to an HCL map.

Add the following policy resource based on the previous output to main.tf.

main.tf

resource "aws_s3_bucket_policy" "public_read" {
  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.data.id

  policy = jsonencode({
    "Statement" = [
      {
        "Action" = [
          "s3:GetObject",
          "s3:GetObjectVersion",
        ]
        "Effect"    = "Allow"
        "Principal" = "*"
        "Resource" = [
          "${aws_s3_bucket.data.arn}/*",
        ]
        "Sid" = "PublicRead"
      },
    ]
    "Version" = "2012-10-17"
  })
}

The aws_s3_bucket_policy.public_read resource configures a policy for your bucket based on the policy defined in bucket_policy.json. It replaces the <BUCKET_ARN> placeholder with a reference to your bucket's ARN. Finally, it uses the jsondecode() function to convert the policy back into JSON for use by AWS.

Now, apply this configuration. Respond to the confirmation prompt with a yes to update your bucket policy.

$ terraform apply
aws_s3_bucket.data: Refreshing state... [id=hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001]
aws_s3_bucket_ownership_controls.data: Refreshing state... [id=hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001]
aws_s3_bucket_public_access_block.data: Refreshing state... [id=hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001]
data.aws_s3_objects.data: Reading...
aws_s3_bucket_acl.data: Refreshing state... [id=hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001,public-read]
data.aws_s3_objects.data: Read complete after 0s [id=hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001]

Terraform used the selected providers to generate the following execution plan. Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
  + create

Terraform will perform the following actions:

  # aws_s3_bucket_policy.public_read will be created
  + resource "aws_s3_bucket_policy" "public_read" {
      + bucket = "hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001"
      + id     = (known after apply)
      + policy = jsonencode(
            {
              + Statement = [
                  + {
                      + Action    = [
                          + "s3:GetObject",
                          + "s3:GetObjectVersion",
                        ]
                      + Effect    = "Allow"
                      + Principal = "*"
                      + Resource  = [
                          + "arn:aws:s3:::hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001/*",
                        ]
                      + Sid       = "PublicRead"
                    },
                ]
              + Version   = "2012-10-17"
            }
        )
    }

Plan: 1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

Do you want to perform these actions?
  Terraform will perform the actions described above.
  Only 'yes' will be accepted to approve.

  Enter a value: yes

aws_s3_bucket_policy.public_read: Creating...
aws_s3_bucket_policy.public_read: Creation complete after 1s [id=hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001]

Apply complete! Resources: 1 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.

Outputs:

bucket_details = {
  "arn" = "arn:aws:s3:::hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001"
  "id" = "hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001"
  "region" = "us-west-2"
}
s3_bucket_name = "hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001"

Clean up your infrastructure

Remove the infrastructure you created during this tutorial. Respond to the confirmation prompt with a yes.

$ terraform destroy
## ...
Terraform will perform the following actions:

  # aws_s3_bucket.data will be destroyed
  - resource "aws_s3_bucket" "data" {
      - arn                         = "arn:aws:s3:::hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001" -> null
      - bucket                      = "hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001" -> null

## ...

Plan: 0 to add, 0 to change, 5 to destroy.

Changes to Outputs:
  - bucket_details = {
      - arn    = "arn:aws:s3:::hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001"
      - id     = "hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001"
      - region = "us-west-2"
    } -> null
  - s3_bucket_name = "hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001" -> null

Do you really want to destroy all resources?
  Terraform will destroy all your managed infrastructure, as shown above.
  There is no undo. Only 'yes' will be accepted to confirm.

  Enter a value: yes

aws_s3_bucket_policy.public_read: Destroying... [id=hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001]
aws_s3_bucket_acl.data: Destroying... [id=hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001,public-read]
aws_s3_bucket_acl.data: Destruction complete after 0s
aws_s3_bucket_ownership_controls.data: Destroying... [id=hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001]
aws_s3_bucket_public_access_block.data: Destroying... [id=hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001]
aws_s3_bucket_policy.public_read: Destruction complete after 0s
aws_s3_bucket_public_access_block.data: Destruction complete after 0s
aws_s3_bucket_ownership_controls.data: Destruction complete after 1s
aws_s3_bucket.data: Destroying... [id=hashilearn-20230831161653870900000001]
aws_s3_bucket.data: Destruction complete after 0s

Destroy complete! Resources: 5 destroyed.

If you used HCP Terraform for this tutorial, after destroying your resources, delete the learn-terraform-console workspace from your HCP Terraform organization.

Next steps

In this tutorial, you used the Terraform console to explore your state and evaluate Terraform expressions before using them in your configuration. The Terraform console can help you develop and troubleshoot your Terraform configurations.

Try out the following resources to learn more about creating Terraform configuration.

Follow the Terraform State tutorials to learn more about how to manage Terraform state.
Learn how to use and create Terraform modules.
Learn how to target changes to specific resources.

Troubleshooting

Verify Terraform

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