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log returns the logarithm of a given number in a given base.
log(number, base)
> log(50, 10)
1.6989700043360185
> log(16, 2)
4
log and ceil can be used together to find the minimum number of binary
digits required to represent a given number of distinct values:
> ceil(log(15, 2))
4
> ceil(log(16, 2))
4
> ceil(log(17, 2))
5